How was nationalism expressed in France, Italy, and Germany during the mid 18th century? please answer i will give brainliest

The rise of nationalism in Europe initiated with the Spring of Nations in 1848.[citation needed] American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that “nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state – to support those interests.” Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments. Some countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.

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b.   jim crow laws were enacted in northern states.