A demand curve that shifts to the left indicates

Shift of the demand curve to the right indicates an increase in demand at whatever price because a factor, such as consumer trend or taste, has risen for it. Conversely, a shift to the left displays a decrease in demand at whatever price because another factor, such as number of buyers, has slumped.

Explanation:

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.