Books 9 through 12 are told as flashbacks, as Odysseus sits in the palace of the Phaeacians telling the story of his wanderings. These books thus give background not only to Odysseusâs audience but to Homerâs as well. Providing some of the richest and most celebrated examples of Odyssean cunning, they speak as much to the resourcefulness of the poet, who uses Odysseusâs voice to render a more complete picture of his heroâs wanderings, as to that of the hero himself. The foreboding that Odysseus feels as he heads toward the cave, which seems to prompt him to take the wine along, foreshadows his upcoming encounter with Polyphemus and the need for trickery to prevail. Once Homer establishes the conflict between Odysseus and Polyphemus, he unveils Odysseusâs escape plan slowly and subtly: the significance of Odysseusâs blinding of Polyphemus becomes clear when Polyphemus lets his sheep out to graze the next morning; similarly, Odysseusâs curious lie about his name seems nonsense at first but adds a clever and humorous twist to the necessity of keeping the other Cyclopes from rescuing Polyphemus.
Odysseusâs eventual revelation of his identity to Polyphemus ultimately proves foolish, and, because it embodies a lack of foresight, stands in stark contrast to the cunning prudence that Odysseus displays in his plan to escape from the cave. Though his anger at Polyphemus for devouring his shipmates is certainly understandable, and though Polyphemusâs blind rock-throwing fury eggs him on, Odysseusâs taunts are unnecessary. By telling Polyphemus his name, Odysseus pits his mortal indignation against Poseidonâs divine vengeance. This act of hubris, or excessive pride, ensures almost automatically that Odysseus will suffer grave consequences. Indeed, his eventual punishment costs him dearly: Poseidonâs anger wipes away the very thing that he gains by cleverly obscuring his nameâthe safety of his men.
The form that Odysseusâs revelation of his identity takes is interesting, as it represents the cultural values of ancient Greece. Odysseus doesnât simply utter his name; rather, he attaches to it an epithet, or short, descriptive title (âraider of citiesâ), his immediate paternal ancestry (âLaertesâs sonâ), and a reference to his homeland (âwho makes his home in Ithacaâ) (9.561â562). This manner of introduction was very formalized and formulaic in Homeric Greece and should seem familiar to readers of the Iliad. Odysseus is here going through the motions of confirming his kleos (the glory or renown that one earns in the eyes of others by performing great deeds). He wants to make sure that people know that he was the one who blinded Polyphemus, explicitly instructing Polyphemus to make others aware of his act. Like the heroes of the Iliad, Odysseus believes that the height of glory is achieved by spreading his name abroad through great deeds.
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