What caused operation torch?

Which was not part of the debate over going to war? a. president james madison tried to avoid war but was convinced by those who wanted it.b. new england ship builders wanted to go to war to save their buisnesses.c. most westerners and some southerners wanted to go to war to gain land.d. war hawks said they could march into canada and take britain's territory.

Which of these played the biggest role in increased urbanization in the late 1800s? a) transportation improved b) the military was stronger c) no one was farming anymore d) steam power was discovered

What happened 10 million years ago? if u answer, u get 50 ! plz answer ; -;