What was the state of printing before 1450, what did Johannes Guttenberg do to change/ transform this, and what was the resulting impact from Guttenberg's improvements?

the democratic and republican parties

explanation:

the exodus of these people from constantinople contributed to the revival of greek and roman studies, which led to the development of the renaissance in humanism and science. byzantine emigrants also brought to western europe the better preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own greek civilization

the answer is option c: 1300