What best describes how European powers responded to islamic expansion

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Explanation: Europeans viewed the spread of Islam as a threat and actively worked to stop it. Military conquests by the Arab Empire and traders of Islamic faith were the primary means for spreading Islam to Africa, Europe, and Asia.

i think the answer is c, rivers.

explanation:

sometimes, borders fall along natural boundaries like rivers or mountain ranges. for example, the boundary between france and spain follows the crest of the pyrenees mountains. for part of its length, the boundary between the united states and mexico follows a river called the rio grande. the borders of four countries divide africa’s lake chad: niger, chad, cameroon, and nigeria.