What was some disadvantages and advantages the Neanderthals has in joining with other communities

Interbreeding with Neanderthals gave some of our ancestors distinctive skin and hair, but also left behind a legacy of disease within our DNA.

Non-African people today carry Neanderthal DNA in their genetic make-up that is associated with changes in hair and skin, but also with diseases such as diabetes, Crohn’s and even conditions such as chronic depression and addictive behaviour.

Modern humans began to leave Africa around 60,000 years ago, encountering Neanderthals as they moved into Eurasia. Studies in the past few years show that modern humans interbred with Neanderthals, albeit rarely.

Two new studies released this week revealed part of the legacy of these interactions, concluding that the genome, or complete genetic map, of a modern non-African person contains about two per cent Neanderthal DNA.

‘These findings provide yet another twist to the hotly-debated Neanderthal interbreeding story,’ said Museum human origins expert Prof Chris Stringer.

Pros and cons

The studies compared the genome of a Neanderthal with those of hundreds of modern humans, both from Eurasia, where our ancestors met Neanderthals, and from sub-Saharan Africa, where there would have been no interbreeding.

The Neanderthal genome comes from the toe bone of a female individual, and the modern human information comes from data banks of genetic codes.

The researchers found Neanderthal DNA in regions of the human genome associated with skin and hair, suggesting early humans leaving Africa benefited from interbreeding, perhaps giving them thicker, straighter hair and skin that helped them cope better with the colder Eurasian climate.

However, Neanderthal DNA was also found in parts of the human genome associated with diseases such as diabetes, lupus, biliary cirrhosis and Crohn’s disease, which causes inflammation of the gut.

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the mother countries succeed in doing that by using the colony's natural resources, facilities in a colony, they do not take good care of these facilities, causing them to fail. this has had negative and positive effects on the people of africa, they then governed through direct or indirect rule depending on the country.

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the vast majority of ballots have been counted nearly two weeks after one of the biggest political upsets in modern u.s. history catapulted donald trump to the presidency.

estimates show more than 58 percent of eligible voters went to the polls during the 2016 election, nearly breaking even with the turnout rate set during the last presidential election in 2012, even as the final tallies in states like california continue to be calculated, according to statistics collected by the u.s. elections project.

but among those figures were stark contrasts in key states that swing the election to trump — in ohio, wisconsin, iowa, michigan and elsewhere — indicating the president-elect’s leap from long-shot candidate to the most powerful political position in the world may have happened in part because of apathy toward hillary clinton’s candidacy, especially among the democratic base, several political scientists and organizations monitoring voter turnout told the pbs newshour.

while clinton is leading the popular vote by more than 1.5 million over trump as of sunday, she trails president obama’s 2012 totals by more than 2 million ballots — a chasm that may have cost her the election, said david becker, co-founder of the center for election and innovation and research.

“several million voters didn’t come out to vote,” becker said. “which is telling me that this idea of the trump wave, a huge number of voters shifting over to trump, is certainly not the story.”