Someone who references passage 10 citing L'Ouverture's attention to the surveillance of foreigners in the Haitian colony in 1801 to argue that immigration policy in the United States in the twenty-first century reflects these same concerns would be:

-Offering an ad hominem argument

-Presenting relevant evidence

-Making a historical testimonial

-Reasoning by analogy

A historian who rejects L'Ouverture's account of Haitian society merely because he died in a French prison would be:

-Committing a teleological fallacy

-Engaging in causal reasoning

-Making a generalization

-Offering an ad hominem argument

A historian who uses L'Ouverture's Dictatorial Proclamation as evidence to reason backward to determine the socioeconomic factors at work in this
time period would be:

-Offering an ad hominem argument

-Committing a teleological fallacy

-Reasoning from a lack of evidence

-Engaging in causal reasoning

Someone who references passage 10 citing L'Ouverture's attention to the surveillance of foreigners in the Haitian colony in 1801 to argue that

immigration policy in the United States in the twenty-first century reflects these same concerns would be:

-Reasoning by analogy

A historian who rejects L'Ouverture's account of Haitian society merely because he died in a French prison would be:

-Offering an ad hominem argument

A historian who uses L'Ouverture's Dictatorial Proclamation as evidence to reason backward to determine the socioeconomic factors at work in this  time period would be:

-Engaging in causal reasoning

Explanation:

Reasoning by analogy involves reaching some conclusions from examples of similar events.  Analogical arguments establish the similarities between what is true about two things, events, or points of argument.  An ad hominem argument takes advantage of the opponent's feelings and interests without sticking to general principles.  A causal reasoning establishes a relationship between a cause and its effect.

the answer is a) james madison.

an interest group is an organization whose members share common concerns, and try to influence government policies that impact those concerns. elected officials frequently complain about the influence of "special interests" on american politics.