/ 1. Because of the Crusades, Christians in Europe
a. lost influnce over the Catholic Church
won independence from powerful Kings.
e left for the Holy hand in hugh numbers.
d gained knowledge from Arabic texts.
b.
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abraham lincoln was the president of usa and he had asked the audience to make a pledge on equality.

his pledge was:

“it is my earnest desire to know the will of the providence.”

lincoln also had hatred for people who condoned and practiced slavery and so he pledged:

""and if i can learnt what it is i can do it"" this is another pledge by abraham to reassure the congregation on how to deal with the providence will.

explanation:

hope this !

answer; i believe that the correct answer is (tobacco);

your mom