Land-based empires like the Russian, Ming, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires relied heavily on which of the following technologies to maintain control: A. ships and navigation
B. gunpowder and cannons
C. religion
D. peasant labor

B. gunpowder and cannons.

Explanation:

Technological advances throughout history have intensively changed the course of warfare and thus military strategies. All of these empires used gunpowder and cannons during their long history of warfare and conquest. There are many examples and battles in which these empires used gunpowder and cannons. We will give an example of the conquest of Constantinople by Mehemed II. He made a special cannon to order, which he used during the siege, and that cannon greatly demoralized the defenders of Constantinople.

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the answer is option a.