The cities of harappa and mohenjo daro depended on the indus river valley for its

fertile farmland

The complex societies of the Kacchi plain were the prelude to the final colonization of the Indus Valley. In the beginning it was inhabited by groups of farmers. Then fortified cities began to appear. At this time it is known as the "initial period of the Indo."

The excavations carried out indicate that the first farmers belonged to the VII millennium a. C., in a region between the hills of Baluchistan and the Indo-Gangetic plain. This area has highlands (special for grazing in summer), and permanent rivers that drain into the Kacchi plain.

Towards the beginning of the VI millennium a. C. adobe houses (mud bricks) were built and they made polished bone and flint (flint) tools, polished axes and grinding stones. Copies of these tools were found in Mehrgarh.

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2686-2181 bce-- "egyptian civilization developed along the nile river in large part because the river’s annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops."

1069-664 bce-- "ancient egyptians developed wide-reaching trade networks along the nile, in the red sea, and in the near east."