What gives each state two senators and representatives based on population in each state

The Connecticut Compromise.

Explanation:

The Connecticut Compromise was an agreement made during the discussions for the approval of the Constitution in 1787, whereby the most and least populated states of the nation agreed on the way in which to organize the United States Congress without any of the these groups of states have an unfair advantage over the other. Thus, a bicameral Congress was organized, with a chamber organized in an egalitarian manner (the Senate) and another in proportion to the population of each state (the House).

the answer is a) james madison.