- What were the internal and external causes of the downfall of Kievan Rus?

Kievan Rus is also called as the land of Rus. It is located in Russia.

Explanation:

The internal cause of the down fall: The empire weaken by the collapse of the commercial trade with the Byzantine empire and this lead to major economic crises in 12th century.

The various rival regional powers were influencing the working of the state.

The external cause of the down fall: The Mongol invasion in 1240s caused the complete fall of the state.

the discoverers and explorers: 1. natives showed jedediah smith the way. 2. william sublette was the first cross it with a caravan. 3.joel walker and his family were the frist settlers to use it. the jumping off point: 1. founded in 1827 near where the missouri river flows into the mississippi. 2. by the 1840's, it was the most popular "jumping off" point for pioneers to stock their wagons with supplies. 3. missionaries from the church of jesus christ of latter day saints attempted to make independence their zion, or holy capital. the route west: 1. the first emigrants to oregon came by ship before the trail was established. 2. ships continued to to travel to oregon even after the overland migrations began, but they were not popular among the pioneers. 3. the fare for a sea journey to oregon was quite expensive--few pioneer families could afford it. i don't know the other three i'm sorry.

d) he bring down boss tweed and tammany hall.