An ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of Louisiana and the other States united with her, under the compact entitled the Constitution of the United States of America: We, the people of the State of Louisiana, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain . . . the Union now subsisting between Louisiana and other States under the name of the United States of America is hereby dissolved.

We further declare and ordain, that the State of Louisiana hereby resumes the rights and powers heretofore delegated to the Government of the United States of America, and its citizens are absolved from allegiance to the said Government, and she is in full possession of all the rights and sovereignty that appertain to a free and independent State.

–Ordinance to Dissolve the Union, 1861

What were the purposes of this document? Check all that apply.

to extend the rights of sovereignty to all states in the Union
to declare rights and powers of the United States
to mobilize the Louisiana militia for the coming war
to dissolve the political bonds between Louisiana and the United States
to declare that Louisiana was a free and independent state

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

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interest groups send representatives to state capitals and to washington, d.c. to put pressure on members of congress and other policymakers. they engage in lobbying, or the organized process of influencing legislation or policy. lobbying can take many forms. interest groups can testify in congressional hearings.