PLS ASAP Who was an eighteenth-century French philosopher and writer who organized all knowledge in a massive collection called the Encyclopédie?

Does anyone know why the second great awakening occurred? (i need an answer asap because this is a question on my assignment! < 3 : ))

"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the united states, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." - the thirteenth amendment to the united states constitution, 1865 which statement describes the effect that the thirteenth amendment had on american society? a) male freedmen were given the right to vote. b) slavery was made illegal in the united states. c) ex-slaves were given united states citizenship. d) southern states were no longer allowed to use convicts as labor.

United states v. reynolds stands for all of the following, except: parents may not withhold medical treatment even if they have a good faith religious belief against such treatment. human sacrifice may be banned by the government without violating religious freedom. polygamy may be banned by the government even when it is required by a religious practice. women in polygamous marriages do not have the right to vote.