18. Before nationalism, people would have identified as primarily belonging to

Religion.

Explanation:

Before the advent of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the main criteria for identifying larger groups was religion. This became especially established during the 16th century until the Napoleonic Wars. During the 16th century, several different Catholic factions emerged formed by a movement historically known as the Reformation.

some american cities felt workers were being oppressed by business monopolies

lend lease program was passed by congress on march 11, 1941. the president could ship weapons, food, or stuff to any country whose struggle against the axis assisted u.s. defense