Who retreated in the Battle of Malvern Hill and why did he

On July 1, 1862, the retreating Army of the Potomac reached the James River after six days of fighting outside of Richmond. Confident in the support of nearby navy gunboats, Maj. Gen. George McClellan’s men occupied Malvern Hill on the north bank of the river. McClellan ordered the hilltop fortified with artillery batteries to cover the open fields that fronted the hill, and arranged his infantry with the V Corps on the west slope and the III and IV Corps on the eastern side with a strong reserve in the rear. Confederate commander Gen. Robert E. Lee believed a sustained artillery barrage could weaken the Union position before his infantry attacked. Around 1:00 p.m., both sides opened an artillery duel which was largely ineffective. Lee ordered in his infantry, but the attacks were not coordinated properly and advanced at different times, stalling short of the hill’s crest. The Federal artillery was the deciding factor, repulsing every attack and resulting in a tactical Union victory. The next day, McClellan withdrew to Harrison’s Landing on the James, ending the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days battles to capture the Confederate capital.

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france,russia and prussia had absolute monarchy and it meant:

when louis xiv inherited the throne, he was able to serve as his chief minister.louis xiv ruled as an absolute monarch.