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Explanation:
Slavery in the Muslim world first developed out of the slavery practices of pre-Islamic Arabia,[1] and was at times radically different, depending on social-political factors such as the Arab slave trade. Throughout Islamic history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Early on in Muslim history they were used in plantation labor similar to that in the Americas, but this was abandoned after harsh treatment led to destructive slave revolts,[2] the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869–883.[3] Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but the most common uses were as soldiers, guards, domestic workers, [2] and concubines. Many rulers relied on military slaves, often in huge standing armies, and slaves in administration to such a degree that the slaves were sometimes in a position to seize power. Among black slaves, there were roughly two females to every one male.[2] Two rough estimates by scholars of the number of slaves held over twelve centuries in the Muslim world are 11.5 million[4] and 14 million,[5][6] while other estimates indicate a number between 12 and 15 million slaves prior to the 20th century.[7]
Early sources indicate that in Islam, sexual slavery of women was viewed as both a male privilege and a privilege for the victor over the defeated.[8] The Muslim military commander is allowed to choose between unconditionally releasing, ransoming or enslaving war captives.[9] Female captives were often used for sex and there was no restriction on how many could be held.[10] Manumission of a Muslim slave was encouraged as a way of expiating sins.[11] Many early converts to Islam, such as Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, were former slaves.[12][13][14][15] In theory, slavery in Islamic law does not have a racial or color component, although this has not always been the case in practice.[16] In 1990, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declared that "no one has the right to enslave" another human being.[17] Many slaves were often imported from outside the Muslim world.[18] Bernard Lewis maintains that though slaves often suffered on the way before reaching their destination, they received good treatment and some degree of acceptance as members of their owners' households.[19]
The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Africa. In the early 20th century (post-World War I), slavery was gradually outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, largely due to pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France.[20] Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was abolished in 1924 when the new Turkish Constitution disbanded the Imperial Harem and made the last concubines and eunuchs free citizens of the newly proclaimed republic.[21] Slavery in Iran was abolished in 1929. The last state to abolish slavery was Mauritania in 1905, 1981, and again in August 2007. Oman abolished it in 1970 and Saudi Arabia and Yemen, abolished slavery in 1962 under pressure from Britain.[22] However, slavery claiming the sanction of Islam is documented at present in the predominantly Islamic countries of the Sahel,[23][24] and is also practiced in territories controlled by Islamist rebel groups. It is also practiced in countries like in Libya and Mauritania despite being outlawed.
