What events led Pope Urban II to call for the Crusades? O The Jews in Palestine had overtaken Jerusalem and had restricted Christians' access to the city.
O Muslim Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire and Christian access to the Holy Land.
O Muslim armies had conquered the Byzantine Empire and massacred thousands of Jews.
O The Turkish leader Saladin had conquered Constantinople and placed himself on the throne.

B

Explanation: The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291. The bloody, violent and often ruthless conflicts propelled the status of European Christians, making them major players in the fight for land in the Middle East.

i believe the correct answer is option b. most eastern european nations joined nato.

though i could be wrong, option d. the eastern european nations were granted complete independence, would be another choice.

hope this ! : )