The split into Sunni and Shia divisions of Islam can be traced to

The Aftermath of Muhammad's Death

The roots of the Sunni-Shia divide can be traced all the way back to the seventh century, soon after the death of the prophet Muhammad in A.D. 632.

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.