How did rule by a few or a small group work in the city states of italy

Below are the choices that can be found elsewhere:

Only monarchies ruled the city-states.
Republics allowed representatives elected by the population to rule.
Oligarchies governed through councils and elected officials.
Within each city-state, all men gathered to form a quorum that created laws and governed.

And the answer is "Oligarchies governed through councils and elected officials."

12 days because 1/4 is 25% of 100 if 100 is equal to 1 pound then multiply 3 by 4 which equals 12