Europe is mostly made up of islands, plains, mountains and- Fjords
Peninsulas
Rivers
Isthmus

the name of the theory is landmass theory.

i am not 100   percent sure but i do know that hitler was burned to death with gas so that makes me think it is d. because they were under his control if they fail or not do as told they will be killed but i could be wrong hope this

established strong state governments.