How did they maintain Muslim influence?

Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia.

Explanation:

the roman army grew in size and became dominant in the mediterranean region.

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.