Which of the following was central to maintaining and expanding all three islamic empires

c or d both can be the answer

immigrants from northern and western europe continued coming as they had for three centuries, but in decreasing numbers

abraham was promised great blessings by god, both to himself and his family, including all of his descendants. those blessings are called the abrahamic covenant.

the abrahamic covenant bible story has three main features:

1. the promised land of canaan (gen 12: 1) (gen 15: 7).

2. the promise of offspring to a 75-year-old childless abraham (genesis 12: 2) (gen 15: 4-6) (gen 17: 6-8).

3. the promise of blessings and redemption to abraham and the families of the earth through him. (genesis 12: 3).

finally, god gave abraham the rite of circumcision as the specific sign of the abrahamic covenant (genesis 17: 9–14).