How did Portugal and Italian city-states affect travel and trade during the early modern period?

They had hundred of ships.

Explanation:

Portugal and Italian city-states affect travel and trade during the early modern period because the Portugal and Italian city-states had hundreds of ships that controlled the trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea. Silk, spices, and perfume were transported from Asia into these states and other goods from these states to the world. This trade enhances the economy of these states and make them wealthier.

the best description of postwar writers might be progressive.

following the war, writers showed a tendency to work on artistic or social matters rather than political themes. while postwar literature may not have been the greatest period of english literature, the themes provided excellent critics a high number of novels. such examples include anthony burgess, anthony powell and frank kermode, all of which can be placed under the progressive view.