Why hadn’t the Europeans used maritime routes before the age of exploration

In which supreme court case did the court rely on the concept of implied powers to make its ruling? a) gibson v. ogden b) mcculloch v. maryland c) dartmouth college v. woodward d marbury v. madison

"if i have seen farther than others," said newton, "it is because i have stood on the shoulders of giants." who were the giants to whom newton was referring? could this be said of any scientific accomplishment? explain.

Who was a 1920s film star who was the first male "heart throb" in film.