What role did political machines serve in cities?

Many machines formed in cities to serve immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century who viewed machines as a vehicle for political enfranchisement. Machine workers helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters on election day.

Explanation:

At the turn of the 20th century, many U.S. cities were run by collections of self-serving political machines. These organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying people's loyalty — and their ballots. ... Reform candidates called for an end to political patronage.

i think it was   tsar alexander ii

d. china

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