Federal spending on programs that are not required by law is called: a: mandatory spending
b: discretionary spending
c: surplus spending
d: deficit spending

the correct answer that would best complete the given statement above would be option b. expanding civil services. diocletian and constantine paved the way for foreign invasion by dividing the empire, creating administrative bureaucracies and reorganizing the military, except for expanding civil services. hope this answer .

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explanation:

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first industrial revolution - the first wave of the industrial revolution lasted from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s. it industrialized the manufacture of textiles and began the move of production from homes to factories. steam power and the cotton gin played an important role in this period.