Which Islamic caliphate was interested in mathematics?

Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built on Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta). Important progress was made, such as the full development of the decimal place-value system to include decimal fractions, the first systematised study of algebra (named for The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing by scholar Al-Khwarizmi), and advances in geometry and trigonometry.[1]

Arabic works also played an important role in the transmission of mathematics to Europe during the 10th to 12th centuries.[2]

Dr. Sally P. Ragep, an historian of science in Islam, estimates that "tens of thousands" of Arabic manuscripts in mathematical sciences and philosophy remain unread, which give studies which "reflect individual biases and a limited focus on a relatively few texts and scholars"[

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it refers to race, i am pretty sure this was a popular term in nazi germany or something.

can someone me with this question:  

1) the end of the conflict between the north and the south didn’t just mark the end of a war; it marked the end of an entire way of life.” which statement best describes what this statement means?  

a) the southerners were no longer free and were controlled by the northern states.

b) the industrial economy in the north was not sustainable.

c) slavery became illegal, which changed completely the south’s labor force and the agricultural economy was destroyed.

d) the states decided to relinquish their independence and return to britain’s rule.