How has the exception to the 13th amendment negatively affect many people 

though the Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States, some Black Americans, particularly in the South, were subjected to other forms of involuntary labor, such as under the Black Codes, as well as subjected to white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes, besides other disabilities.

Explanation:

#2 the answer is d

#3 the answer is a

#4 the answer is b