How were the challenges of maintaining land-based empires, such as the Russian and Qing states, different from the challenges of maintaining maritime empires? What strategies did states adopt to meet these challenges?

Were mostly similar, but they had different strategies to maintain them

Explanation:

The land-based empires as the Russian and Qing states were large and had wealth, the problem with the maritime European empires was that they began to grow exponentially, soon their armies were modernized and created conflicts with said empires, the Russian empire modernized on time, seeing its European neighbors growing and gaining power, but the Qing empire failed to see what was coming, and tried to act when it was too late.

the right answer is the end of world war ii

after the end of a global wwii all the nations involved, in an attempt to create an organization to maintain world peace. this agreement would work settling international disputes via negotiation and arbitration instead of leading the issues escalate to another war.