What was the reason for the fall of Mali?

Decline. The Mali Empire was in decline by the 15th century CE. The ill-defined rules for royal succession often led to civil wars as brothers and uncles fought each other for the throne. Then, as trade routes opened up elsewhere, several rival kingdoms developed to the west, notably the Songhai.

Explanation:

b. second continental congress

there has only been 12 presidents. the 12th president is/was moon jae-in