The development of writing led to the creation of the first SCHOOLS, PRINTING PRESSES, OR LIBARYS in Mesopotamia. in Mesopotamia.

i think it was   tsar alexander ii

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attacks by the seljuk. a devastating blow to the entire byzantine world was dealt by christian crusaders from the west. the venetians were eager to destroy byzantine power and offered the crusaders money, ships, and part of the spoils of war.

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according to my calculation, the answer is d.