What is known as the "incumbency effect?" a)the advantages a candidate who is running for re-election has over the

candidate trying to unseat him or her

b) the responsibilities a candidate running for office has to his or her own party

Cthe advantages a candidate who is a "fresh face" has over someone with

strong name-recognition

d)The amount of money a candidate raises from business and union sources, as

opposed to money donated by individuals

a) the advantages a candidate who is running for re-election has over the candidate trying to unseat him or her

Explanation:

Incumbency effect can be defined as the advantages a candidate who is running for re-election has over the candidate trying to unseat him or her in a democratic election process.

Basically, it refers to the tendency (phenomenon) for public officials such as senators or house of representative members who are already holding power (office) to get re-elected over an opposition. This ultimately implies that, a candidate contesting with an incumbent candidate is automatically placed at a disadvantage to emerge as the winner election due to the power of incumbency (incumbency effect).

Additionally, the incumbency effect is peculiar to democratic elections and most favorable or stronger for the house of representative members.

regarding the law, the 15th amendment was specifically designed thinking in the rights of black free men.

even though ratified on february 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th amendment would not be fully applied for a long time.poll taxes and literacy tests would allow southern states disenfranchise african americans. only in 1965 the voting rights for african americans would be actually able to vote in the south.

in 1965, president johnson signed the voting rights act, which aimed to overcome legal barriers that prevented african americans from voting as it was guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the u.s. constitution.