By the late 1400s, where had the Renaissance spread to?

spread beyond Italy and into other areas of Europe, including France, Germany, England, the Netherlands and Spain. 

explanation: Humanist writers expanded ideas about individuality. These ideas impressed scholars, students, and merchants who visited Italy. By the late 1400s, Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe—especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (now part of France and the Netherlands).

when people started to question traditional christian beliefs, they became criminals in the eyes of the church: they were accused of heresy and then, executed. the church held unbelievable power and anyone who tried to defy it or its beliefs, was demonized and persecuted.

mark brainliest and have a stunning day!

the correct answer is b, "fertility rates are increasing, so populations will grow more quickly in the future."