What public pledge did nine pharmaceutical companies issue last week?

How does writers use characterization in a story

The major impact third parties have on presidential elections has been to.. a. encourage larger vote turnout b. recruiter leader from the democratic and republican party to run for president c. generate increased party identification among the electorate d. developing issues that are later adopted by the major political parties e. drawn off of votes from the major parties to throw election into the house representatives

According to article 1, why did massachusetts raise their taxes on citizens, and what about the currency of the time made it difficult for citizens to pay these taxes