"Consider the general respect for antiquity. Consider, for example, how often we pay great price for some fragment of an ancient statue, to omament our houses or to give to artists who strive to imitate it in their own works. And yet to found a republic, maintain states, govern a kingdom, organize an army, conduct a war, dispense justice, and extend empires, you will find neither prince,
nor republic, nor captain, nor citizen who uses the historical examples of antiquity! The majority of those who read history take pleasure only in the variety of the events which the history of the
ancients relates, without ever thinking of imitating their noble actions."
Niccolo Machiavelli, introduction to his treatise on the works of the Roman historian Livy, circa 1517
a) Describe one historical development reflected in the passage
b) Describe Machiavelli's argument concerning the uses of antiquity
Oop

social contract theory basically says that all individuals are born equal, and provided a god given right to consent to be governed. american government is based of this

thomas hobbes and john locke said that we are selfish, individualistic, and constantly at war with each other, therefore we need to be controlled. 

government is defined as the legitimate use of force to control human behavior within territorial boundaries, here comes in hobbes and locke.

hobbes takes the part about controlling human behavior. while locke takes the part of legitimate use of force, since force is not legitimate unless there is consent of the people. 

there are basically 3 goals of the government: 1) maintain order by protecting life and property. 2) providing public goods, those which are typically not provided by the public sector, such as roads and education. 3) promote equality be it political, opportunist or outcome equality. 

answer:   migrations were important in the neolithic period. "two major migrations passing through southeastern europe were confirmed by the means of archaeo-genetic studies."

the first migration was the early neolithic period -- 6,000 before common era (bce) -- when the first farmers, from anatolia -- asia minor -- spread through europe. the second migration occurred during the early bronze age (3,000-2,500 bce) when the so-called "steppe population," from the eurasian steppe, replaced much of northern europe's previous population.

the first farmers of northern and western europe passed through southeastern europe with limited hunter-gatherer genetic admixture, which occurs when two or more previously isolated populations begin interbreeding. however, some groups that remained mixed extensively -- without the male-biased, hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the north and west, according to latest discoveries. southeastern europe continued to be a nexus between east and west, with intermittent genetic contact with the steppe people up to 2,000 years before the migrations that replaced much of northern europe's population.

"in some places, hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers seem to have mixed very quickly," says iain mathieson, a geneticist at the university of pennsylvania, who was first author of the paper. "but, mostly, the two groups remained isolated, at least for the first few hundred years. these hunter-gatherers had been living there for thousands of years, and it must have been quite a shock to have these new people show up -- with a completely different lifestyle and appearance."

the first two years of american revolution was not very encouraging for the patriots since the british were far superior in sea power, arms and troops.

i think the answer is   b.