What are some characteristics that demonstrate continuity between
the old, Western Roman Empire and the new, Eastern one
beginning in the 4th century CE?

Eastern parts were richer and more populated, while western part had a symbolic value (Rome). All in all, western half collapsed quickly and doesn't have great impact on history. Eastern half is the Byzantine empire, which had a great impact on eastern Europe, it basically "created" Bulgarian, Serbian and Russian empires (of which only Russian managed to survive long enough to become a world force) and (Byzantine ) had a great influence on Ottoman empire.

hope this helps ;)

Explanation:

the virginia plan called for three branches of government and two houses of congress. representation in each house would be determined by population. the new jersey plan called for three branches of government and a single house of congress. each state would have an equal vote.

for this case we have the following equation:

we apply distributive property to the terms within parentheses.

subtracting 2 on both sides of the equation: