The Spanish encomienda was

Encomienda, in colonial Spanish America, was a legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the Indian population in its American colonies. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista (“Reconquest”) of Muslim Spain.

the effect of the ming leaders banning ships with more than two masts was that there was no further construction of ships masts, because there was a surplus. ming emperors disallowed foreign exploration

a they donate money to humanitarian causes

c   they volunteer to alleviate suffering

d   they blame all muslims for not being able to keep their fellow muslims in line.