in the Engle v. Vitale case of 1962, how did the supreme court interpret the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

i would say your answer would be the second option.

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the triple alliance. germany and austria-hungary were already allies by 1879 when, worried about a threat from russia, they formed the dual alliance. italy joined the group in 1882. there was a concern about a possible attack from france and the alliance needed powerful friends to defend it.