Which countries did Italy make an alliance with, but never joined? But instead, joined the opposing alliance?

What is walt whitman's poem "when i heard the learn'd astronomer about?

What directive in source a might have been at the root of the action described in source b?

The california gold rush: actually had only a small impact on california’s population because its rich farmlands already attracted thousands of new settlers each year. attracted almost equal numbers of men and women. resulted in laws that discriminated against “foreign miners.” made considerable wealth for average miners because gold mining demanded no real investment of capital. hurt the development of san francisco because gold discoveries shifted interest to areas outside of town.