The siege of Baghdad in 1258 C. E.: a Persian manuscript illustration depicts Mongol forces camped outside the city walls while residents huddle
within. What role did catapults play in sieges like this?

The role of catapults was to throw stones and flammable oil, to weaken the security that could be forming behind the city walls.

Explanation:

Mongols were very violent warriors and in each of their conquests they seized equipment and objects that could help them win the battles they would have in the future. They seized the catapults when they invaded Chinese territory and quickly learned to handle them, which was an extremely positive factor in their battles.

That's because catapults allowed Mongolians to make successful sieges. Outside the cities, they hurled stones and flammable oil, to cause destruction within the cities and to diminish possible defenses, which made the invasion much easier.

1920 census

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was a long, primarily nonviolent series of events to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all americans. the era has had a lasting impact on united states society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism. in the south violence and fraud in southern elections from 1868 to 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled southern white democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the south