Which phrase describes the income effect

Income refers to a sum of money earned by an individual by indulging in business activities, though a job or in any economic activity. Income effect refers to the change in an income earned by an individual and with a percentage change upward or downward impacts consumer buying/ purchasing power of it..

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

your answer would be (a)