What became critical to protecting what blacks were achieving?

In the first half of the 20th century,literacy tests,poll taxes, and grandfather clauses were passed by the southern states in order to

List a few examples of city-states that practiced oligarchy in ancient greece

The service industry in the united states grew in the late 1800s. what was one effect of that growth? the number of people with jobs in factories as unskilled workers decreased. the number of people with jobs in factories as unskilled workers increased. the middle class grew as people took jobs as clerks, lawyers, and teachers. the middle class shrank as people left jobs as clerks, lawyers, and teachers.