Which European country raised the biggest threat to Spanish dominance in the New world and why

The Dutch became a commercially powerful rival to Spain--Amsterdam soon became trade hub for all the Atlantic World. They distinguished themselves as commercial leaders in the seventeenth century, as their mode of colonization relied on powerful corporations: the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1602 to trade in Asia, and the Dutch West India Company, established in 1621 to colonize and trade in the Americas.

What effect did the development of trade have on settlement patterns in medieval times