The effect of muslim culture on europe was (1 point)

a. seen most clearly in spain, under islamic rule.

b. minimal, as arabs did not trade with europe.

c. non-existent before the first crusade.

d. a direct result of muhammad

i would say your answer is a)

sorry if im wrong

the causes of the dust bowls were severe droughts,   lands became dry and hard, temperature was higher than usual, hot and dry conditions killed crops, high winds. because of those factors, the winds kicked up dry soil and created clouds of dust.