Who were the winners and losers from the exploits of companies like the VOC?

The winners were the ship owners, business people, and the Dutch people generally.  They profited so much from their exploits of the local Indians by occupying their lands, buying goods, especially spices, at cheap prices, and selling at highly profitable prices.  The riches of the Netherlands can be attributed to the activities of companies like the VOC.

Civilization is another major winner.  The operations of companies like VOC was a necessary evil that opened up the world to myriads of technological advancements and civilization, bringing in Christianity for the salvation of souls.

The ostensible losers were the local Indians and West Africans who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves.  The psychological defeat entrenched by foreign occupation and in slavery had not waned till today.  

But, there is no longer the need to regret the past.  Those whose lands were occupied and those enslaved should come to terms with the extant facts and move forward doggedly.  Afterall, they also profited by being unchained from cruel traditions like the killing of twins.  In addition, many have embraced Jesus Christ, the way to the Father God.

Explanation:

Using such companies as the VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie in Dutch), the Dutch challenged the dominance of the Portuguese in International Trade and Slavery.  The VOC was created in 1602 and lasted till 1800 with its main purpose as trade (both in goods and humans), exploration of natural resources, and colonization of indigenous peoples.

answer; /// i believe that the correct answer is (d)the huang he river valley;

the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.