What are some cultural changes happening in Europe during from 1815-1914?

What would lead a historian to consider two events to have a relationship of correlation rather than causation?

2points which excerpt from thomas paine's common sense best represents an attempt to appeal to ethos to persuade the reader? a. the infant state of the colonies, as it is called, so far from being against, is an argument in favor of independence. b. to talk of friendship with those in whom our reason forbids us to have faith is madness and folly. o c. oye that love mankind! ye that dare oppose, not only the tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth! o d. i am not induced by motives of pride, party, or resentment to espouse the doctrine of separation and independence..

Which economic result of the civil war affected both the north and the south? a. inflation b. widespread hunger c. rising value of money d. loss of natural resources