How did European nations view nationalism?

The rise of nationalism in Europe initiated with the Spring of Nations in 1848.  Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments. The nationalism has an impact on communism twice but it depends on circumstances. It can strengthen communism among independent and strong countries just like Soviet Union (which was part of Eastern Europe). Or nationalism can weaken communism in dependent and weak countries.

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affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts