Describe how Texas’ commitment to medicine and research has lead to advancements in the field. What challenges do Texans face regarding healthcare in the 21st century?

HEALTH AND MEDICINE. Long before trained physicians offered medical services to Texans properly so-called, Indian "medicine men" and Spanish explorers and padres responded to the sick and injured in the future Texas. Apache Indians mashed poison ivy leaves to prepare a remedy for ringworm. Comanches skillfully treated fractured limbs and gunshot wounds. The Karankawas, who lived along the Gulf Coast, used various plants to control diarrhea. In November 1528, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and a few other shipwreck survivors waded to the shores of Galveston Island and encountered a band of Karankawas. For six years, Cabeza de Vaca traveled throughout the future state and acquired a reputation as a lay healer because he removed an arrow from the chest of a Karankawa and attended others when they were ill. The Spanish conquistadors and padres quickly subdued the Indians with their swords, germs, and institutions. Infectious diseases were endemic in the Spanish missions, presidios, and ranchos established by Spanish settlers during the eighteenth century. Smallpox epidemics afflicted San Antonio (1739), Nacogdoches (1759), and other towns. Measles, influenza, malaria, and venereal diseases occurred regularly.

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